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OBJECTIVE@#To understand the iron stores of the plateletpheresis donors, so as to provide some new experimental data for further exploration and more perfect health examination criteria of the plateletpheresis donors.@*METHODS@#A total of 297 plateletheresis donors conformed to standard in October 2018 were selected by the cross sectional study. The related factors affecting iron stores were analyzed; the effect of plateletpheresis times of donation on the levels of the hemoglobin(Hb) and serum ferritin(SF) as well as the iron deficency rate in the blood donors was also analyzed; the iron stores in the blood donors was evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The SF level in plateletpheresis donors negatively correlated with annual plateletphersis times of donation（r=-0.416, P＜0.001）; The SF level decreased with the increase of annual times of donation（P＜0.05）; The iron deficiency rate in plateletpheresis donors showed the increase trend with the increase of annual times of donation. The iron deficiency rate in male and femal with 18-23 times of donation was 12.5%(8/64) and 40%(6/15) respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The blood center should reduce recruitment frequency and increase the testing of SF for regularly plateletpheresis donors.
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Humans , Male , Blood Donors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ferritins , Hemoglobins , Iron , PlateletpheresisABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyse the mental state of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Chengdu.@*Methods@#One thousand five hundred and thirty-six AR patients from Sichuan Provincial Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan People′s Hospital, Sichuan Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected from July 2013 to January 2018. Eight hundred and twenty-seven patients were screened into study group by inclusion and exclusion standards. The symptom check list 90 (SCL-90) was used to group and score the mental state of these patients according to nine classification criteria: gender, BMI, age, marital status, monthly salary, disease duration, living environment, education level and working environment. Then, the scores were compared within groups. Inter-group comparison was made between the study group and the Chinese norm, and the positive factors for psychological disorders were extracted. Four symptoms in the study group, i.e. nasal itching, sneezing, clear discharge and nasal congestion, were scored on the visual analogue scale (VAS). SPSS 19.0 software was used to carry out statistical analysis. Partial correlation analysis was performed between the positive factors and the symptom scores by multiple regression statistical method.@*Results@#The total score of SCL-90 in the study group was 2.64±0.25, which was accorded with mild to moderate mental health impairment. There were 124 (15.0%) without mental health damage, 176 (21.3%) with mild damage, 474 (57.3%) with mild to moderate damage, 41 (5.0%) with moderate to severe damage and 12 (1.4%) with severe damage. The in-group comparison showed that the top three categories of different items were the living environment, gender and working environment. The scores of somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, psychosis, other (sleep, diet) and total average score of urban residents were higher than that of country residents (3.29±0.61 vs 2.65±0.50, 2.81±0.77 vs 2.05±0.38, 3.10±0.19 vs 2.49±0.67, 3.40±0.84 vs 2.49±0.70, 3.04±0.64 vs 2.33±0.51, 3.02±0.55 vs 2.40±0.77, 3.40±0.41 vs 2.52±0.77, 2.91±0.11 vs 2.29±0.40, Z value was 4.88, 5.25, 4.57, 5.91, 5.09, 4.63, 5.55, -4.55, respectively, all P<0.05). Women scored higher than man for somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and others (2.66±0.51 vs 2.00±0.45, 3.37±0.47 vs 2.63±0.51, 3.44±0.57 vs 2.85±0.52, 3.47±0.36 vs 2.76±0.45, Z value was -5.10, -5.51, -4.86, -5.28, respectively, all P<0.05). The scores of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, psychosis and other (sleep, diet) were higher in the indoor group than those in the outdoor group (3.49±0.64 vs 2.78±0.46, 3.33±0.30 vs 2.56±0.68, 3.28±0.60 vs 2.67±0.31, 3.50±0.85 vs 2.85±0.37, Z value was 5.31, 5.79, 4.89, 5.00, respectively, all P<0.05). The outdoor group scored higher on obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety and hostility (3.44±0.40 vs 2.83±0.35, 3.40±0.50 vs 2.57±0.93, 3.34±0.88 vs 2.69±0.56, Z value was 4.96, 6.22, 5.08, respectively, all P<0.05). The inter-group comparison found that depression, anxiety, psychosis and other (sleep, diet) could be partially correlated with VAS scores as 4 positive factors. The results of partial correlation analysis showed that depression was positively correlated with sneezing and nasal runny discharge, anxiety was positively correlated with nasal itching and nasal obstruction, psychosis was positively correlated with nasal itching and sneezing, and other (sleep, diet) was positively correlated with nasal runny discharge and nasal obstruction.@*Conclusion@#AR patients have mild to moderate mental health impairments, which are correlated with AR symptoms.
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AIM:To investigate the effect of irbesartan on the fatty liver of db/db mice and whether autophagy is involved in the process.METHODS:Male db/db mice(n=24)were randomly divided into model group and irbesar-tan group,and 12 db/m mice with similar age and weight were selected as normal control group.After 16 weeks of inter-vention respectively,the fatty liver-related parameters including body weight, liver index, blood lipid, liver function and pathological changes in the liver were observed.The protein levels of p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR,as well as Atg-7,bec-lin-1 and LC3B in the liver tissues were detected by Western blot,and the autophagosomes in the liver were observed under electron microscope.RESULTS:Compared with the model group,the body weight,liver index,blood lipids,alanine and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased in irbesartan group(P<0.05).Moreover,the pathological changes in the liver were significantly ameliorated in irbesartan group than that of model group.Importantly, the protein levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were decreased with irbesartan administration,while the expression of Atg-7,beclin-1 and LC3B-Ⅱwas increased(P<0.05),which resulted in a distinct increase in autophagosomes.CONCLUSION:Irbesartan alleviates he-patic steatosis in db/db mice by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulating the protein expression of Atg-7,beclin-1 and LC3B-Ⅱ,thereby inducing autophagy in hepatocytes.
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AIM To explore the effects of ligustrazine on blood rheology,aldose reductase (AR) and renal function in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats.METHODS The DN rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotoein (55 mg/kg),rats were randomly divided into five groups,model group,irbesartan [50 mg/(kg · d)] group,high-,middle-and low-dose of ligustrazine [200,100,50 mg/(kg · d)] groups,together with normal control group.All the rats received daily garage for eight successive weeks.At the end of experiment,blood rheology,blood glucose,aldose reductase in erythrocyte and kidney tissue,24 h urinary protein,blood urea nitrogen,creatinine,creatinine clearance and renal function were observed.RESULTS Compared with the model group,blood rheology,blood glucose and renal function in various treatment groups were effectively improved,and aldose reductase activity was significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05).HE staining and PAS staining showed that the pathological changes in kidney were significantly alleviated.CONCLUSION Ligustrazine can protect kidney of DN rats by ameliorating blood rheology,decreasing blood glucose and inhibiting aldose reductase activity.
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Ligusticum chuanxiong is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine plant. The study on its molecular markers development and germplasm resources is very important. In this study, we obtained 24 422 unigenes by assembling transcriptome sequencing reads of L. chuanxiong root. EST-SSR was detected and 4 073 SSR loci were identified. EST-SSR distribution and characteristic analysis results showed that the mono-nucleotide repeats were the main repeat types, accounting for 41.0%. In addition, the sequences containing SSR were functionally annotated in Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway and were assigned to 49 GO categories, 242 KEGG pathways, among them 2 201 sequences were annotated against Nr database. By validating 235 EST-SSRs,74 primer pairs were ultimately proved to have high quality amplification. Subsequently, genetic diversity analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis, PCoA analysis and population structure analysis of 34 L. chuanxiong germplasm resources were carried out with 74 primer pairs. In both UPGMA tree and PCoA results, L. chuanxiong resources were clustered into two groups, which are believed to be partial related to their geographical distribution. In this study, EST-SSRs in L. chuanxiong was firstly identified, and newly developed molecular markers would contribute significantly to further genetic diversity study, the purity detection, gene mapping, and molecular breeding.
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Objective To explore the effect of the transtheoretical model of health behavior change on initial insulin injection in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Thirty elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, receiving traditional training of insulin injection , were recruited as control group ( n = 30 ) between December 2013 and March 2014 . Another 30 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, who received an education program based on the transtheoretical model of health behavior change for insulin injection training ( 30 minutes for each time and 4 times in total ) , were recruited as experiment group ( n=30 ) between April 2014 and July 2014. The knowledge of insulin injection and the operational skills in the two groups were compared between the two groups. Result Both the knowledge and operational skills at insulin injection in the experiment group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The transtheoretical model of health behavior change can be significant for improving the operational skills at insulin injection and therefore it can be effective in controling of blood sugar.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents was increasing during the past few decades. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of after-school exercise with or without diet restriction on total and central obesity, fitness level, and metabolic profile in overweight Chinese adolescents.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A ten-week weight loss trial was performed using a 2 × 2 block design (exercise × diet). Ninety-three overweight adolescents (average age: (13.6 ± 0.7) years; body mass index (BMI): 22.4 - 34.1 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) diet (D); 2) exercise (EX); 3) diet plus exercise (DEX); and 4) overweight control (C). Caloric intake recipes were enacted based on individual age and corresponding ideal body weight. One-hour after-school exercise was performed once per day, four days per week for ten weeks. Changes of anthropometry, body composition, aerobic fitness, and metabolic biomarkers were determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Groups D, EX and DEX had a significant decrease in BMI (P < 0.01) after the intervention. The percentage of body and truncal fat, and waist circumference were independently reduced by exercise (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), but not diet. The decrease in body fat percentage was positively related with the exercise compliance (r = 0.34, P = 0.01). Exercise decreased truncal fat percentage and waist circumference, suggesting a reduction of central adiposity, but did not significantly affect body weight and BMI. Exercise significantly reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.037), which was positively correlated with decreases of truncal fat percentage (r = 0.222, P = 0.048). No significant effects of interventions on insulin sensitivity, early insulin release index, and aerobic fitness were observed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>At least twice a week of one-hour after-school exercise significantly attenuated central adiposity and had a significant impact on lipid profiles in overweight Chinese adolescents.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Adiposity , Physiology , Asian People , Body Composition , Physiology , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Physiology , Exercise , Physiology , Overweight , Diet Therapy , Metabolism , Therapeutics , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effificacy of dual antiplatelet therapy combined with Naoxintong Capsule ([see text], NXTC) in a rat model of coronary microembolization (CME).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 95 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, sham-operation, CME model, NXTC, dual antiplatelet (clopidogrel and aspirin) intervention (DA), and NXTC combined with DA (NDA) groups. The complete data in 69 rats were obtained. The number of CME, myocardial apoptosis rate, bleeding time, clotting time, and adensosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation were assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the CME group, the number of CME and myocardial apoptosis rates were signifificantly decreased in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups (P <0.01). Compared with other intervention groups, the number of CME and myocardial apoptosis rates were the least in the NDA group (P <0.01), and the incidence of surgical bleeding was the highest in the DA group (P <0.01). Compared with the CME group, ADP-induced maximum platelet aggregation rate was significantly inhibited in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups (P <0.01), both bleeding time and clotting time were signifificantly increased in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups (P <0.01), while the above parameters were the highest in the DA group (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The combination therapy of NXTC and DA enhanced the anti-CME effect of either therapy alone and reduced the risk of the DA therapy-associated bleeding, demonstrating an improved benefifit/ risk ratio in the rat model of CME.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Apoptosis , Blood Coagulation , Blood Loss, Surgical , Capsules , Drug Therapy, Combination , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Embolism , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Myocardium , Pathology , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Survival Analysis , Thrombosis , Drug Therapy , PathologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of Shenkangwan on the expressions of angiotensin II (AngII) and its type I receptor (AT(1)R) and the renalprotection mechanism of Shenkangwan in rats with early diabetic nephropathy (DN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The rat models of DN established by a single injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely the model group, Shenkangwan treatment group, irbesartan treatment group, and Shenkangwan and irbesartan treatment group, with normal rats as the control. All the rats received daily gavage for 8 weeks. The urinary protein quality in 24 h and plasma and renal contents of AngII were measured. The expressions of AT1R at the protein and mRNA levels in the kidney tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The pathological changes of the kidney were observed microscopically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In DN rats, Shenkangwan reduced the urinary protein quantity in 24 h and the contents of AngII in the plasma and kidney tissues, decreased the renal expressions of AT(1)R protein and mRNA, and alleviated the morphological damage of the kidney.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Shenkangwan offers renalprotection against DN probably by reducing the contents of AngII in the plasma and kidney tissues and inhibiting renal AT(1)R expressions.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Angiotensin II , Genetics , Metabolism , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers , Therapeutic Uses , Diabetic Nephropathies , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Kidney , Metabolism , Phytotherapy , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of irbesartan on the renal expressions of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGEs) in rats with early diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the renoprotection mechanism of irbesartan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat DN models established by a single injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into the model group and irbesartan treatment group. With normal rats as the control, all the rats received daily gavage for 8 weeks. The 24-h urinary protein excretion and contents of AGEs in the serum and kidney tissues were measured. The expressions of RAGEs and RAGEs protein and mRNA in the kidney tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The pathological changes of the kidney were also assessed microscopically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Irbesartan significantly reduced the 24-h urinary protein excretion and the contents of AGEs in the serum and kidney tissues of DN rats, resulting also in decreased expressions of RAGEs and RAGEs protein and mRNA levels in the kidney. The treatment obviously alleviated the pathological changes in the kidney of the DN rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Irbesartan offers renoprotection against DN possibly by reducing the serum and renal contents of AGEs and inhibiting the renal mRNA expressions of RAGEs and RAGEs.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers , Therapeutic Uses , Biphenyl Compounds , Therapeutic Uses , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetic Nephropathies , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Glycation End Products, Advanced , Genetics , Metabolism , Kidney , Metabolism , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products , Receptors, Immunologic , Genetics , Metabolism , Tetrazoles , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the morphological changes and expressions of desmin and podocin in podocytes of rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats and renal protection mechanism of Shenkangwan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>DN model was established in rats by a single injection of streptozotocin. The rats were then randomly divided into model group, Shenkangwan treatment group, irbesartan treatment group, and Shenkangwan plus irbesartan treatment group, with normal rats as the control group. All the rats received daily gavage for 8 weeks. The urinary protein quantity in 24 h were detected, and the morphological changes of the kidneys were observed with optic and transmission electron microscopes. The expressions of desmin and podocin in the podocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Shenkangwan and irbesartan reduced the urinary protein quantity in 24 h and alleviated the renal damage in DN rats, and the expression of desmin was significantly attenuated while podocin expression increased in the podocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Shenkangwan can provide renal protection against DN in rats and alleviate the structural and functional damages of podocytes possibly by reducing desmin expression and increasing podocin expression in the podocytes.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Desmin , Diabetic Nephropathies , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Immunohistochemistry , Kidney , Pathology , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Phytotherapy , Podocytes , Metabolism , Pathology , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate nephrin and desmin expression in rat podocytes in early diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the rale of angiotensin II receptor antagonist in renal protection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat models of DN established by a injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) were randomized into model group and irbesartan group, with rats without STZ injection as the normal control group. The rats in irbesartan group were subjected to daily intragastric irbesartan administration for 8 consecutive weeks, while those in the model group received only saline in the same manner. Upon completion of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed and pathological changes of the kidney were examined with optical and transmission electron microscope. Nephrin and desmin expressions in the podocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In rats with DN, irbesartan administration alleviated podocyte injury and significantly lowered the expression of nephrin and desmin (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Angiotensin II receptor antagonist may offer renal protection against DN by alleviating structural and functional podocyte damage through decreasing nephrin expression in the podocytes.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers , Therapeutic Uses , Biphenyl Compounds , Therapeutic Uses , Desmin , Metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Drug Therapy , Diabetic Nephropathies , Drug Therapy , Kidney , Pathology , Membrane Proteins , Metabolism , Podocytes , Metabolism , Pathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tetrazoles , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
The introduction of problem-based learning techniques into the teaching of anatomy has been subject to great contro- versies.This paper debates the rationale behind this concept using the example of the curriculum of Harvard Medical School.The anatomy curriculum is covered during the eight first weeks of the medical studies,and is an original combination of discussions of clinical cases in small groups,and work in gross anatomy,histology and radiology laboratories.The lectures are reduced to the minimum and emphasize general concepts.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the long-term outcome of 60 leukemia patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) prepared with busulphan-cyclophosphamide (BU-CTX(2)) conditioning regimen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 1994 to August 2000, 60 leukemia patients (35 male, 25 female; median age 32 years old), including 20 acute myeloid leukemia (AML, CR(1) n = 19, CR(2) n = 1), 15 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, CR(1) n = 8, CR(2) n = 6, CR(3) n = 1), and 25 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, CP(1) n = 24, CP(2) n = 1) received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells from HLA-identical siblings (n = 53), 1-locus mismatched siblings (n = 4), or HLA-identical unrelated donor (n = 3). BU-CTX(2) was used as conditioning regimen. All patients received cyclosporine A and either methotrexate (n = 54) or methylprednisolone (n = 6) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 60 patients got sustained engraftment. Acute GVHD (aGVHD) occurred in 22 patients (36.7%), while the incidence of aGVHD was 48.0% for the CML, 30.0% for the AML and 26.7% for the ALL patients. Thirty-eight patients are still alive in complete remission with a median follow-up of 30 (12 approximately 84) months and 22 died. The main causes of death were aGVHD in 3, CMV-IP in 7, and relapse in 11 patients. The remaining one died of pulmonary infection. Among 11 patients who died of relapse, 8 were ALL relapsed in the early posttransplant stage. All 4 long-term survivors of ALL developed chronic GVHD. The probability of DFS at 3 year for CML, AML and ALL patients was 80.0%, 70.0% and 26.7%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BU-CTX(2) is an effective conditioning regimen for patients with AML and CML, resulting in a low relapse and high long-term survival rate. However, it is not effective enough for patients with ALL, because of a higher incidence of relapse.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Busulfan , Graft vs Host Disease , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Transplantation Conditioning , Transplantation, HomologousABSTRACT
Six out of 20 patients undergoing a major ABO-incompatible allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) developed pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), which did not show any effects on granulocyte and platelet engraftment, and incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD. All the 6 cases of PRCA were in blood group O recipients of grafts from blood group A donors (n = 5) or blood group B donor (n = 1), suggesting that donor/recipient pair (A/O) is associated with a high risk of PRCA after major ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT. Erythroid engraftment occurred spontaneously in four cases without specific intervention other than the RBC transfusion, which coincided with the decrease of isoagglutinin titers below 8, and the remaining 2 patients with prolonged erythroid aplasia( > 300 days) despite therapy with erythropoietin (EPO) were successfully treated by plasma exchange with donor-type plasma replacement. Cyclosporine did not appear to have played any role in causing PRCA in our patients, however, the occurrence of GVHD may facilitate the recovery of erythropoiesis.
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ABO Blood-Group System , Cyclosporine , Therapeutic Uses , Erythrocytes , Pathology , Erythropoiesis , Graft vs Host Disease , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure , Transplantation, Homologous , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the expression of the nephrin in podocyte of the diabetic nephropathy(DN) rats and the mechanism of irbesartan-induced renal protection.METHODS: The DN model was established by a single injection of streptozotocin(STZ),and DN rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: model group and irbesartan treatment group.In addition,the normal rats served as a normal control group. All the rats were received daily gavage respectively for 8 weeks. The urinary protein quality in 24 hours,body weight(BW),kidney weight (KW),KW/BW,glucemia,urea nitrogen,creatinine,total cholesterol, triacylglycerol were detected with correlative methods and the pathological changes of kidney were also detected with optic microscope and transmission electron microscope.The expression of nephrin in podocyte were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In DN rats, irbesartan reduced the urinary protein quality in 24 hours (P